Curtis-self-2
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Lets say a word about dreams.
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We all have thoughts which
we never knew we had.
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They are too uncomfortable
or too incompatible
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with our adult self to be remembered.
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Yet they are often disturbing, rumbling
under the surface like lava in a volcano.
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The dream is the royal road
to these thoughts.
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The royal road to the unconscious.
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This is the story about how
Sigmund Freud's ideas
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about the unconscious mind
were used by those in power
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in post war America to try and
control the masses.
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Politicians and planners came to believe
that Freud was to suggest
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that hidden deep within all human beings
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were dangerous and irrational
desires and fears.
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They were convinced that it was
the unleashing of these instincts
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that had led to barbarism of Nazi Germany.
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To stop it ever happening again,
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they set out to find ways to control this
hidden enemy within the human mind.
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At the heart of the story are
Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna
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and his nephew Edward Bernays who had
invented the profession of public relations.
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Their ideas were used by the US government,
big business and the CIA
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to develop techniques to manage and
control the minds of the American people.
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Those in power believed that the only way
to make democracy work
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and create a stable society
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was to repress the savage barbarism
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that lurked just under the surface
of normal American life.
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The story begins in the middle of the
fierce fighting of the second world war.
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As the fighting intensified the American
army was faced by an extraordinary number
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of mental breakdowns among its troops.
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Forty-nine percent of all soldiers
evacuated from combat
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were sent back because they suffered
from mental problems.
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In desperation the army turned
to the new ideas of psychoanalysis.
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They made a film record of the experiment
using hidden cameras.
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It says here on your record that you had
headaches and that you had crying spells.
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Yes sir, I believe that your profession
is calling it nostalgia.
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In other words, homesickness.
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Yes sir.
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It was induced when shortly before the war
I received a picture of my sweetheart.
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I'm sorry I can't continue.
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That's all right.
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It was the first time that anyone
had paid such attention
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to the feelings and anxieties
of ordinary people.
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At the heart of the experiment
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were a number of refugee psychoanalysts
from central Europe.
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They worked with American psychiatrists
to guide and shape the project.
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When I first came to America I worked
in the psychiatric service
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with soldiers trying to rehabilitate them.
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And I travelled in the train
from the east coast to the west coast
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I was enormously curious
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what goes on in all of those little towns
that the train is passing.
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After my years in the army I knew exactly
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what everyone was doing in the little towns.
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Because I saw so many people
who came from there
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and I understood their aspirations,
their disappointments and so forth.
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So it was as if somebody invited me
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to a privileged tour into the inner soul
of America.
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I'm not doing this deliberately,
please believe me.
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I do believe you.
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This display of emotion is sometimes
very helpful.
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- I hope so, sir.
- Sure, it gets it off your chest.
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Well sir, to be perfectly honest with you,
I'm very much in love with my sweetheart.
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She has been the one person that gave me
a sense of importance
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in that through her cooperation with me
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we were able to surmount so many obstacles.
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The psychoanalysts used techniques
developed by Freud
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to take the men back into their pasts.
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They became convinced that breakdowns
were not the direct result of the fighting.
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The stress of combat had merely triggered
old childhood memories.
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These were memories of the men's
own violent feelings and desires
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which they had repressed,
because they were too frightening.
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To the psychoanalyst it was
overwhelming proof of Freud's theory
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that underneath human beings were
driven by primitive irrational forces.
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World War II was
a major shattering experience
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because I discovered the enormous role
of the irrational
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in the life of most people.
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Now that I can say that I learned that
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the ratio between the irrational
and the rational in America
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is very much in favor of the irrational.
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That there's much greater unhappiness,
much more suffering,
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it's much more...
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a sad a country than one would imagine it
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from the advertisements that you get,
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a much more problematic country.
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Victory in the second world war was
celebrated as a triumph of democracy,
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but in private many policy makers
were worried about the implications
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of the analysis of the soldiers.
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It seemed to show that underneath every
American were irrational violent drives.
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What had happened in Germany
seemed to bear this out.
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The complicity of so many ordinary Germans
in mass killings during the war
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showed just how easily these forces could
break through and overwhelm democracy.
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Planners and policy makers
had been convinced
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by their experiences during World War II
that human beings could
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act very irrationally because of this
sort of teeming
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and raw and unpredictable emotionality.
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The kind of chaos that lived at the base
of human personality
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could in fact infect the society,
social institutions
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to such a point that the society itself
would become sick.
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That's what they believe happened in
Germany, in which the irrational,
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the anti-democratic went wild.
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It was a vision of human nature as
incredibly destructive
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and they were terrified
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that Americans
would in fact behave that way
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or were capable of behaving that way
and they wanted to avoid a rerun of that.
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So what is needed
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is a human being that can internalize
democratic values
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so they are not shaken with the storm
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and psychoanalysis carried in it
the promise that it can be done.
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It opened up new vistas
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as to how the inner structures
of the human being
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can be changed so that he becomes a more...
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vital free supporter and maintainer
of democracy.
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Psychoanalysts were convinced they not only
understood these dangerous forces
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but they knew how to control them too.
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They would use their techniques to create
democratic individuals
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because democracy left to itself
failed to do this.
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The source of this idea is not only Sigmund
Freud but his youngest daughter Anna.
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She had fled with her father to London
before the outbreak of war,
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and after he died Anna Freud became
the acknowledged leader
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of the world psychoanalytic movement.
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She saw her job as to fulfill
her father's dream
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of making his ideas accepted
throughout the world.
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At the center of the Freud movement
stood only Anna
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because she managed to work herself
into that position.
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She was recognized as that,
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and not just because she was the daughter,
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she worked on that.
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She was rather forbidding and was
not to me a warm person,
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not an Aunt that we could kiss and
put your arms around;
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not at all;
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and her whole life rotated
around the spreading of psychoanalysis.
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Freud himself
had seen the role of psychoanalysis
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as allowing people to understand
their unconscious drives.
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But Anna Freud believed it was possible
to teach individuals
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how to control these inner forces.
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She had come to believe this through
analyzing children,
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above all the children of her close friend,
Dorothy Burlingham.
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Dorothy Burlingham was an
American millionairess
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who in the 1920s fled a failed marriage
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and brought her children to Anna Freud
in Vienna.
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They were suffering
terrible anxieties and aggression,
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but Anna Freud was convinced
she could free them from this
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by changing the world around them.
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She thought that she could come in
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and enter their environment essentially,
because they were children
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you see and didn't have
independent lives of their own,
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she could go talk to the parents
or the mother,
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she could go to the schools,
she could influence their real world,
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the actual external world
to change their lives to help them.
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And to change them as people?
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I think that was part of what her idea was,
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she felt that she could change them.
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From her analysis
of the Burlingham children,
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Anna Freud developed a theory
of how to control the inner drives.
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She believed id, as well as a psychotherapy,
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they were also encouraged to adapt
to a good family and social environment.
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Then the concious part of their minds,
the ego,
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would be strengthened in its struggle
to control the unconscious.
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Anna Freud's aim was simply to help
the children.
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But it was always the psychoanalist who
decided which was the right environment
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and the appropriate behaviour
for the children.
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And often as not, this reflected the social
moralism of the time.
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In my father's case they were concerned
that he would be a homosexual
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and so a lot of their efforts went
into preventing
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or trying to stop my father from
becoming a homosexual.
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Whether or not he would have or did,
is unknown to me.
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Why would they want to stop that?
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Because they felt it was abnormal,
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it wasn't a normal way to develop.
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They wanted to have him develop
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along lines that society recognized
to be normal
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because if they didn't
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then he would be under control of forces
that you don't understand,
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that you are not even aware of.
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The analysis seemed to be a great success
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and in the thirties the Burlingham children
returned to America.
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They settled down to happy married
lives in the suburbs.
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What they didn't realize was that their
experience was about to become a template
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for a giant social experiment
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to control the inner mental life
of the American population.
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In 1946 President Truman signed
The National Mental Health Act.
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It had been born directly out of the wartime
discoveries by psychoanalysts
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that millions of Americans who had been
drafted suffered hidden anxieties and fears.
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The aim of the act was to deal
with this invisible threat to society.
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Shocked by the appalling percentage
of the emotionally unstable
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revealed by the World War II draft figures,
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Congress in 1946 passed
The National Mental Health Act,
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which recognized for the first time
that mental illness was a national problem.
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Keenly aware of the tremendous
problems ahead is Dr. Robert H Felix,
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director of the vast new project.
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A primary objective of The National
Mental Health program
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is to increase our fund of scientific
knowledge about mental health
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and about mental illness.
We're not doing this. Why?
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Because there are all too few skilled
mental health workers.
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Two of the principal architects of the act
were the Menninger brothers Carl and Will.
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Will had run the wartime
psychotherapy experiments
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and now he and his brother begun to train
hundreds of new psychiatrists.
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The Menningers were convinced that it would
be possible to apply Anna Freud's ideas
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on a wide scale and to adults
as well as children.
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The psychiatrists job
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would be to teach ordinary Americans
how to control their unconscious drives.
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Psychoanalysis could be used
to make a better society.
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They said psychoanalytic thinking could
make for the betterment of society.
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Because you could change the way
the mind functioned;
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and you could take the ways
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in which people did hurtful things
to themselves and others
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and alter them by enlarging
their understanding.
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And this was
the vision psychoanalysis brought.
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That you could really change people.
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And you could change them almost
in limitless ways.
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In the late forties a vast project
began in America
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to apply the ideas of psychoanalysis
to the masses.
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Psychological guidance centers were set up
in hundreds of towns.
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They were staffed by psychiatrists
who believed it was their job
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to control the hidden forces inside the
minds of millions of ordinary Americans.
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At the same time thousands of counselors
were trained to apply psychoanalysis
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to marriage guidance,
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and social workers were sent out
to visit people's homes
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and advise them on
the psychological structure of family life.
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Behind all this was the fundamental idea
of Anna Freuds'
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that if people were encouraged to conform
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to the accepted patterns of family
and social life
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then their ego would be strengthened.
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They would be able to control the dangerous
forces within them.
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When your emotions control your actions
it affects not only yourself
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but the people around you.
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And if this sort of flair up
is repeated often
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it might lead to a permanently
warped personality.
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You can control the fire of your emotions so
that your personality becomes more pleasant.
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So we expected someone who had been
through that experience to more insightful,
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much more understanding,
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and a much better regulated person.
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And regulation includes being able
to let go as it were,
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to enjoy a football game or a soccer game.
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A more understanding, yes rational,
but also appropriately emotional person.
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The regulatory aspects of the human mind
would really be in charge,
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instead of being overwhelmed by our
passions and by our darker impulses.
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That one would be master or mistress
over ones own passions.
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They just felt that the road to happiness
239
00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:28,937
was in adapting to the external world
in which they lived.
240
00:17:29,689 --> 00:17:35,418
That people could be uncrippled from their
own neurotic conflicts and impulses;
241
00:17:35,618 --> 00:17:38,179
that they would not engage in
self-destructive behavior,
242
00:17:38,379 --> 00:17:40,848
that they would in fact adapt to
the reality about them.
243
00:17:41,353 --> 00:17:44,336
They never questioned the reality.
244
00:17:45,399 --> 00:17:49,059
They never questioned that it might itself
be a source of evil
245
00:17:49,159 --> 00:17:50,602
or something to which you could not adapt
246
00:17:52,795 --> 00:17:57,159
without compromise or without suffering or
without exploiting yourself in some way.
247
00:17:57,459 --> 00:18:00,906
So there was this fit
with the politics of the day.
248
00:18:01,107 --> 00:18:03,608
And a bounce of emotions,
249
00:18:03,808 --> 00:18:05,029
it's important
250
00:18:07,535 --> 00:18:09,658
to a well-rounded personality.
251
00:18:11,535 --> 00:18:15,284
But it was only the beginning of the rise
to power of psychoanalysis in America.
252
00:18:16,367 --> 00:18:18,863
Psychoanalysts were about to move
into big business
253
00:18:19,163 --> 00:18:23,969
and use their techniques not just to create
model citizens, but model consumers.
254
00:18:26,279 --> 00:18:29,952
Last week's episode showed how Freud's
American nephew Edward Bernays
255
00:18:30,352 --> 00:18:34,288
had been the first to convince American
corporations that they could sell products
256
00:18:34,588 --> 00:18:37,103
by connecting them with people's
unconscious feelings.
257
00:18:38,701 --> 00:18:42,507
But now a group of psychoanalysts were
going to take what Bernays had begun
258
00:18:42,807 --> 00:18:46,501
and invent a whole range of techniques
to get inside and manage
259
00:18:46,801 --> 00:18:48,735
the unconscious mind of the consumer.
260
00:18:50,033 --> 00:18:51,797
They were led by Ernest Dichter.
261
00:18:52,097 --> 00:18:54,632
Dichter had practiced next door
to Freud in Vienna,
262
00:18:54,832 --> 00:18:59,054
but he had come to America and set up
the Institute for Motivational Research
263
00:18:59,254 --> 00:19:01,671
in an old mansion north of New York.
264
00:19:03,286 --> 00:19:06,728
This is The Institute
for Motivational Research,
265
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:12,890
a place devoted to the intriguing business
of finding out why people behave as they do.
266
00:19:13,090 --> 00:19:15,212
Why they buy as they do.
267
00:19:15,512 --> 00:19:18,557
Why they respond to advertising as they do.
268
00:19:19,057 --> 00:19:21,621
And this is Dr. Ernest Dichter.
269
00:19:22,021 --> 00:19:27,031
We don't go out and ask directly
why do you buy and why don't you,
270
00:19:27,131 --> 00:19:30,834
what we try to do instead is try to
understand the total personality,
271
00:19:31,034 --> 00:19:33,200
the self image of the customer;
272
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:36,181
we use all the resources of
modern social sciences.
273
00:19:36,381 --> 00:19:40,542
It opens up some stimulating psychological
techniques for selling any new product.
274
00:19:41,330 --> 00:19:45,381
Like the other psychoanalysts Dichter
believed that American citizens
275
00:19:45,581 --> 00:19:47,505
were fundamentally irrational beings;
276
00:19:47,805 --> 00:19:48,966
they could not be trusted.
277
00:19:49,882 --> 00:19:54,073
Their real reasons for buying products were
rooted in unconscious desires and feelings.
278
00:19:55,016 --> 00:19:58,011
And Dichter wanted to find ways
to uncover what he called
279
00:19:58,211 --> 00:20:00,911
the secret self
of the American consumer.
280
00:20:03,541 --> 00:20:08,305
He was trying to get out of people's
mind the unconscious motivations
281
00:20:08,505 --> 00:20:09,941
that they had for purchasing.
282
00:20:10,541 --> 00:20:13,656
These could be sexual,
they could be psychological,
283
00:20:13,856 --> 00:20:17,395
they could be sociological, they could be
a demand for status,
284
00:20:17,495 --> 00:20:18,826
a demand for recognition.
285
00:20:19,026 --> 00:20:22,353
There were things that people couldn't
verbalize or wouldn't verbalize
286
00:20:22,553 --> 00:20:26,420
because they were too secret to them,
they were a part of their nature,
287
00:20:26,620 --> 00:20:31,457
and they would be embarrassed if
they came out and said things like this.
288
00:20:31,757 --> 00:20:34,983
He would interview people
289
00:20:35,283 --> 00:20:39,019
but not ask them direct questions
290
00:20:39,319 --> 00:20:42,155
but let them talk freely
291
00:20:42,555 --> 00:20:46,318
like you do in psychoanalysis,
292
00:20:47,136 --> 00:20:49,844
and that was his background.
293
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:54,523
And he said why can't we have a group
therapy session about products?
294
00:20:56,359 --> 00:21:01,524
And so Dichter built this room
up above his garage
295
00:21:01,824 --> 00:21:04,298
and he said we can have psychoanalysis
of products,
296
00:21:04,498 --> 00:21:07,939
they can actually act out and verbalize
their wants and needs.
297
00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:13,357
All we're gonna do is try a couple of
these salad dressings.
298
00:21:13,558 --> 00:21:15,610
Now, let's see what happens.
299
00:21:15,611 --> 00:21:18,122
That is a typical house laugh.
300
00:21:20,588 --> 00:21:22,908
And they could be observed and watched
301
00:21:23,108 --> 00:21:24,592
and other people could comment
302
00:21:24,892 --> 00:21:27,803
and they could talk about it and
everybody could join in.
303
00:21:28,003 --> 00:21:29,561
He was the first to do this,
304
00:21:29,761 --> 00:21:31,999
this was absolutely the first time
this was ever done.
305
00:21:32,299 --> 00:21:36,725
And he had a movie projector up there
where you could show advertisements
306
00:21:36,925 --> 00:21:39,499
and things like that,
and people could react to them
307
00:21:39,599 --> 00:21:42,682
and he invented the whole technique
for mining the unconscious
308
00:21:42,782 --> 00:21:46,496
about the hidden psychological wants
that people had about products.
309
00:21:47,804 --> 00:21:49,582
This became the focus group.
310
00:21:53,002 --> 00:21:57,241
Dichter's breakthrough came with a focus
group study he did for Betty Crocker foods.
311
00:21:58,334 --> 00:22:01,164
Like many food manufacturers
in the early fifties
312
00:22:01,464 --> 00:22:04,308
they had invented a new range of
instant convenience foods.
313
00:22:05,608 --> 00:22:09,460
But although consumers had told market
researchers they would welcome the idea
314
00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:11,596
in fact they were refusing to buy them.
315
00:22:12,296 --> 00:22:15,220
The worst problem was the Betty Crocker
cake mix.
316
00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:19,796
Dichter did a series of focus groups where
housewives free associated
317
00:22:19,996 --> 00:22:21,218
about the cake mix.
318
00:22:22,728 --> 00:22:26,640
He concluded that they felt unconscious
guilt about the new image been promoted
319
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:28,629
of ease and convenience.
320
00:22:30,333 --> 00:22:34,728
In other words he had understood that the
barrier to the consumption of the product
321
00:22:34,928 --> 00:22:38,359
was housewives' feeling of guilt
about using it.
322
00:22:38,659 --> 00:22:41,836
They basically on one hand wanted to make it
easier for themselves
323
00:22:41,936 --> 00:22:43,531
but they felt guilty about it.
324
00:22:43,831 --> 00:22:47,016
So what you've got to do in those
circumstances is remove the barrier,
325
00:22:47,316 --> 00:22:48,947
the barrier being guilt.
326
00:22:49,247 --> 00:22:53,714
And the way you do that is you give the
housewife a greater sense of participation.
327
00:22:54,548 --> 00:22:55,822
And how do you do that?
328
00:22:56,122 --> 00:22:57,124
By adding an egg.
329
00:22:59,847 --> 00:23:01,836
- As simple as that.
- As simple as that.
330
00:23:02,670 --> 00:23:05,627
Dichter told Betty Crocker to put
an instruction on the packet
331
00:23:05,827 --> 00:23:07,453
that the housewife should add an egg.
332
00:23:08,053 --> 00:23:10,246
It would be an unconscious symbol he said,
333
00:23:10,446 --> 00:23:14,474
of the housewife mixing in her own eggs
as a gift to her husband
334
00:23:14,674 --> 00:23:16,254
and so would lessen the guilt.
335
00:23:16,554 --> 00:23:19,349
Betty Crocker did it, and the sales soared.
336
00:23:19,850 --> 00:23:22,450
My cake is ready.
337
00:23:23,150 --> 00:23:25,899
The consumer may have basic needs
338
00:23:26,199 --> 00:23:29,307
that the consumer himself or herself
doesn't fully understand.
339
00:23:29,507 --> 00:23:35,186
You have to know what those needs are
in order to fully exploit the consumer.
340
00:23:38,944 --> 00:23:43,485
Is it wrong to give people
what they want
341
00:23:44,519 --> 00:23:47,103
by taking away their defenses,
342
00:23:48,103 --> 00:23:51,913
helping remove their defenses?
343
00:23:53,103 --> 00:23:55,193
It seems so much longer than last year!
344
00:23:55,393 --> 00:23:58,564
It is. Nearly four inches longer
in some models.
345
00:24:03,571 --> 00:24:07,822
Dichters success led to a rush by
corporations and advertising agencies
346
00:24:08,122 --> 00:24:09,510
to employ psychoanalysts.
347
00:24:09,910 --> 00:24:13,883
They became known as the depth boys
and they promised to show companies
348
00:24:14,083 --> 00:24:18,128
how to make millions by connecting their
products with people's hidden desires.
349
00:24:18,728 --> 00:24:20,818
Dichter himself became a millionaire,
350
00:24:21,118 --> 00:24:24,313
famous for inventing slogans like
'A Tiger in Your Tank'.
351
00:24:25,606 --> 00:24:29,201
Even the marketing of the Barbie doll
came from a children's focus group.
352
00:24:29,968 --> 00:24:30,939
And so it goes.
353
00:24:32,344 --> 00:24:35,564
But Dichter was convinced this was
far more than just selling.
354
00:24:36,378 --> 00:24:37,567
Like Anna Freud,
355
00:24:37,767 --> 00:24:41,362
he believed that the environment could be
used to strengthen the human personality,
356
00:24:42,573 --> 00:24:45,925
and products had the power
both to sate inner desires
357
00:24:46,325 --> 00:24:49,282
and give people a feeling of common identity
with those around them.
358
00:24:50,381 --> 00:24:53,168
It was a strategy for creating
a stable society.
359
00:24:53,868 --> 00:24:56,152
Dichter called it the strategy of desire.
360
00:24:58,945 --> 00:25:03,371
To understand a stable citizen you have
to know that modern man quite often
361
00:25:03,571 --> 00:25:07,289
tries to work off his frustrations
by spending on self-gratification.
362
00:25:07,469 --> 00:25:11,147
Modern man is eternally ready to fill out
his self image
363
00:25:11,347 --> 00:25:13,438
by purchasing products which compliment it.
364
00:25:13,738 --> 00:25:17,599
If you identify yourself with a product
365
00:25:17,899 --> 00:25:23,034
it can have a therapeutic value.
366
00:25:23,592 --> 00:25:27,380
It improves your self-image
367
00:25:27,780 --> 00:25:30,928
and you become a more secure person
368
00:25:31,228 --> 00:25:37,136
and you have suddenly this confidence
of going out in the world
369
00:25:37,436 --> 00:25:40,108
and doing what you want successfully.
370
00:25:42,002 --> 00:25:45,464
And it's believed that would then improve
371
00:25:45,764 --> 00:25:48,373
the whole of our society
372
00:25:48,673 --> 00:25:53,616
and become the best society on this planet.
373
00:25:59,902 --> 00:26:02,426
By the early fifties the ideas
of psychoanalysis
374
00:26:02,526 --> 00:26:04,589
had penetrated deep into American life.
375
00:26:06,251 --> 00:26:09,139
The psychoanalysts themselves became
rich and powerful.
376
00:26:09,813 --> 00:26:13,185
Many had consulting rooms overlooking
Central Park in New York.
377
00:26:15,025 --> 00:26:18,684
Politicians and famous writers like
Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams
378
00:26:18,884 --> 00:26:19,786
became their patients.
379
00:26:21,551 --> 00:26:22,900
They were seeking not just help,
380
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,079
but to understand the hidden roots
of human behavior.
381
00:26:26,879 --> 00:26:31,203
We were sought after.
Washington was interested in what we think.
382
00:26:32,859 --> 00:26:35,837
The important writers,
383
00:26:35,937 --> 00:26:39,800
important politicians,
were undergoing psychoanalysis.
384
00:26:42,563 --> 00:26:47,698
We had waiting lists because there were so
many patients that wanted to be analyzed.
385
00:26:49,225 --> 00:26:53,259
So it gave us a little bit of
a swelled head.
386
00:26:54,667 --> 00:26:57,310
And as the psychoanalysts ideas
took hold in America,
387
00:26:57,710 --> 00:27:02,577
a new elite began to emerge in politics,
in social planning, and in business.
388
00:27:03,377 --> 00:27:04,685
What linked this elite
389
00:27:04,785 --> 00:27:07,580
was the assumption that the masses
were fundamentally irrational.
390
00:27:08,980 --> 00:27:11,545
To make a free market democracy
like America work
391
00:27:11,945 --> 00:27:16,693
one had to use psychological techniques
to control mass irrationality.
392
00:27:18,535 --> 00:27:22,308
They actually believed that this elite was
necessary because individual citizens
393
00:27:22,408 --> 00:27:25,285
were not capable, if left alone,
394
00:27:25,585 --> 00:27:27,955
of being democratic citizens.
395
00:27:28,155 --> 00:27:31,169
The elite was necessary in order to
create the conditions
396
00:27:31,269 --> 00:27:37,046
that would produce individuals capable
of behaving as a good consumer
397
00:27:37,146 --> 00:27:39,809
and also behaving as a democratic citizen.
398
00:27:40,009 --> 00:27:43,639
They didn't see their activities
as anti-democratic;
399
00:27:43,839 --> 00:27:47,628
as undermining the capacity of
individual citizens for democracy;
400
00:27:47,828 --> 00:27:50,346
quite the opposite. They understood
401
00:27:50,546 --> 00:27:55,749
that they were creating the conditions
for democracy's survival in the future.
402
00:27:56,550 --> 00:28:00,521
Anna Freud had never intended that
her idea would be used in such a way.
403
00:28:00,822 --> 00:28:05,241
but she happily accepted the rise of
power of psychoanalysis in America.
404
00:28:06,041 --> 00:28:08,976
She remained in England
living with Dorothy Burlingham.
405
00:28:09,376 --> 00:28:11,402
On the surface it was an idyllic life.
406
00:28:11,802 --> 00:28:14,902
She and Dorothy had bought a weekend
cottage on the Suffolk coast.
407
00:28:15,502 --> 00:28:16,610
But in the summers
408
00:28:16,810 --> 00:28:20,360
Dorothy's children came from America
to visit with the grandchildren.
409
00:28:21,895 --> 00:28:23,996
And underneath things were going
badly wrong.
410
00:28:24,596 --> 00:28:28,828
Both Bob and Mabbie Burlingham whom
Anna Freud had analyzed in the 1930s
411
00:28:29,128 --> 00:28:32,497
had suffered personal breakdowns
and their marriages were collapsing.
412
00:28:33,626 --> 00:28:37,219
Bob was drinking heavily
and Mabbie suffered terrible anxieties.
413
00:28:37,619 --> 00:28:42,552
The real reasons for the visits to England
were yet more analysis with Anna Freud.
414
00:28:46,134 --> 00:28:48,596
The problem was that it didn't look
very good, did it?
415
00:28:48,896 --> 00:28:51,620
Because here you somebody who's having
nervous breakdowns
416
00:28:52,825 --> 00:28:54,767
and is having alcoholic binges
417
00:28:55,067 --> 00:28:59,015
and this doesn't really sit well.
418
00:29:01,412 --> 00:29:04,476
From a humane standpoint obviously
this is not desirable,
419
00:29:04,876 --> 00:29:05,956
you want to help these people,
420
00:29:06,156 --> 00:29:11,018
but it also had the wider ramifications
of everybody in analysis,
421
00:29:11,218 --> 00:29:14,751
in analytic circles knew that Bob and Mabbie
were guinea pigs,
422
00:29:15,051 --> 00:29:18,737
they were the living proof
that this is a wonderful process.
423
00:29:20,196 --> 00:29:23,435
It was very much swept under the rug,
it really didn't get out.
424
00:29:23,635 --> 00:29:25,765
I mean these people had such,
425
00:29:27,564 --> 00:29:30,156
their power and influence was such
426
00:29:33,254 --> 00:29:34,326
that you were very careful.
427
00:29:34,426 --> 00:29:36,500
Anna Freud was a very powerful person
428
00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:38,759
and you were the grandchildren
429
00:29:39,564 --> 00:29:45,147
and she knew a great deal more about
what went on in your parents' lives
430
00:29:45,319 --> 00:29:47,856
and so forth and it's not something
you were going to tangle with,
431
00:29:47,956 --> 00:29:49,888
and you were a
product of the whole situation.
432
00:29:50,881 --> 00:29:54,848
But at the same time we knew that something
was really out of whack.
433
00:30:00,025 --> 00:30:02,929
As he grew older she became
more and more important
434
00:30:04,072 --> 00:30:07,954
politically and scientifically but
she didn't know when to stop.
435
00:30:08,354 --> 00:30:10,518
She was a bit too righteous
436
00:30:12,542 --> 00:30:15,497
that what she did was always the thing
437
00:30:17,034 --> 00:30:21,077
and she would never to my knowledge
acknowledge
438
00:30:22,331 --> 00:30:25,310
that she could make a mistake or be wrong.
439
00:30:26,728 --> 00:30:28,165
That is my feeling.
440
00:30:30,322 --> 00:30:33,132
But the power and influence
of the Freud family in America
441
00:30:33,332 --> 00:30:35,000
was about to grow even more.
442
00:30:37,452 --> 00:30:40,678
Politicians were about to turn to
Anna Freud's cousin
443
00:30:40,878 --> 00:30:43,735
Edward Bernays for help in a time of crisis.
444
00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:48,379
He was going to manipulate the inner
feelings and fears of the masses
445
00:30:48,779 --> 00:30:51,500
to help America's politicians
fight the cold war.
446
00:30:52,258 --> 00:30:56,358
I don't mean to say and no one
can say to you that there are no dangers
447
00:30:56,559 --> 00:30:59,115
of course there are risks that
we are not vigilant
448
00:30:59,315 --> 00:31:01,297
but we don't have to be hysterical.
449
00:31:02,496 --> 00:31:06,609
In 1953 the Soviet Union exploded
it's first hydrogen bomb
450
00:31:07,009 --> 00:31:10,586
and the fear of nuclear war and
communism gripped the United States.
451
00:31:11,686 --> 00:31:15,479
Those in power became concerned
with how to reassure the population.
452
00:31:16,179 --> 00:31:19,474
Committees were set up
and public information films made
453
00:31:19,774 --> 00:31:23,466
appealing for calm in the face
of new threats like nuclear fallout.
454
00:31:25,776 --> 00:31:29,502
Is the fallacy of the bolding 85%
of the bomb's worrying capacity
455
00:31:29,802 --> 00:31:33,279
to an agent that constitutes only about 15%
456
00:31:33,479 --> 00:31:35,794
of an atomic bomb's destroying potential.
457
00:31:36,225 --> 00:31:39,088
At this point Edward Bernays
was living in New York.
458
00:31:40,288 --> 00:31:43,858
In the 1920s he had invented the profession
of Public Relations
459
00:31:44,258 --> 00:31:47,237
and was now one of the most powerful
PR men in America.
460
00:31:48,037 --> 00:31:51,653
He worked for most of the major corporations
and advised politicians,
461
00:31:51,753 --> 00:31:53,824
including President Eisenhower.
462
00:31:55,586 --> 00:31:56,840
Like his uncle Sigmund,
463
00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:01,004
Bernays was convinced that human beings
were driven by irrational forces.
464
00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:03,906
The only way to deal with the public
465
00:32:04,206 --> 00:32:07,177
was to connect with their unconscious
desires and fears.
466
00:32:09,220 --> 00:32:13,417
Bernays argued that instead of trying to
reduce people's fears of communism,
467
00:32:13,717 --> 00:32:16,648
one should actually encourage and
manipulate the fear.
468
00:32:17,827 --> 00:32:20,835
And in such a way that it became a weapon
in the cold war.
469
00:32:21,435 --> 00:32:23,610
Rational argument was fruitless.
470
00:32:24,567 --> 00:32:26,856
What my father understood about groups
471
00:32:27,056 --> 00:32:29,806
is that they are manipulable.
472
00:32:30,006 --> 00:32:30,938
They're malleable.
473
00:32:32,105 --> 00:32:37,435
And that you can tap into their
deepest desires
474
00:32:37,635 --> 00:32:41,988
or their deepest fears and use that
to your own purposes.
475
00:32:43,898 --> 00:32:48,587
I don't think he felt that all those publics
out there had reliable judgment;
476
00:32:48,787 --> 00:32:52,230
that they may very easily might
vote for the wrong man
477
00:32:52,430 --> 00:32:57,327
or want the wrong thing, so that
they had to be guided from above.
478
00:32:58,027 --> 00:33:01,503
One of Bernays' main clients was the giant
United Fruit Company.
479
00:33:02,425 --> 00:33:05,987
They owned vast banana plantations
in Guatemala and Central America.
480
00:33:06,999 --> 00:33:10,731
For decades United Fruit had controlled
the company through pliable dictators.
481
00:33:11,331 --> 00:33:13,386
It was known as a 'banana republic'.
482
00:33:14,876 --> 00:33:18,890
But in 1950 a young officer,
Colonel Arbenz was elected president.
483
00:33:19,690 --> 00:33:23,026
He promised to remove United Fruits'
control over the country
484
00:33:23,626 --> 00:33:28,081
and in 1953 he announced the government
would take over much of their land.
485
00:33:28,881 --> 00:33:30,675
It was a massively popular move
486
00:33:31,175 --> 00:33:36,257
but a disaster for United Fruit and they
turned to Bernays to help get rid of Arbenz.
487
00:33:37,115 --> 00:33:39,646
United Fruit brings in Bernays
and he basically understood
488
00:33:39,846 --> 00:33:41,414
that what United Fruit Company had to do
489
00:33:41,614 --> 00:33:44,481
was change this from being
a popularly elected government
490
00:33:44,781 --> 00:33:48,709
that was doing some things that were
good for the people there, into this being,
491
00:33:49,109 --> 00:33:52,775
very close to the American shore,
a threat to American democracy.
492
00:33:52,875 --> 00:33:55,018
This being at time in the cold war
493
00:33:55,118 --> 00:33:58,137
when Americans responded to issues of
'the red scare'
494
00:33:58,237 --> 00:33:59,993
and what communism might do,
495
00:34:00,293 --> 00:34:03,053
he was trying to transform this
and brilliantly did transform it
496
00:34:03,153 --> 00:34:06,612
into an issue of a communist threat
very close to our shores;
497
00:34:06,912 --> 00:34:10,666
taking United Fruit again,
as a commercial client, out of the picture
498
00:34:10,966 --> 00:34:13,827
and making it look like a question
of American democracy,
499
00:34:14,027 --> 00:34:16,161
American values being threatened.
500
00:34:17,689 --> 00:34:21,635
In reality Arbenz was a democratic socialist
with no links to Moscow,
501
00:34:22,235 --> 00:34:26,258
but Bernays set out to turn him
into a communist threat to America.
502
00:34:27,458 --> 00:34:31,710
He organized a trip to Guatemala
for influential American journalists.
503
00:34:32,610 --> 00:34:35,737
Few of them knew anything
about the country or its politics.
504
00:34:38,015 --> 00:34:42,745
Bernays arranged for them to be entertained
and to meet selected Guatemalan politicians
505
00:34:43,145 --> 00:34:46,704
who told them Arbenz was a communist
controlled by Moscow.
506
00:34:48,474 --> 00:34:52,701
During the trip there was also a violent
anti-American demonstration in the capital.
507
00:34:54,004 --> 00:34:55,929
Many of those who worked for United Fruit
508
00:34:56,329 --> 00:34:59,165
were convinced it had been organized
by Bernays himself.
509
00:35:02,005 --> 00:35:05,494
He also created a fake independent
news agency in America
510
00:35:05,894 --> 00:35:08,209
called the
Middle America Information Bureau.
511
00:35:09,009 --> 00:35:12,170
It bombarded the American media
with press releases
512
00:35:12,370 --> 00:35:14,701
saying that Moscow was planning
to use Guatemala
513
00:35:15,001 --> 00:35:16,506
as a beachhead to attack America.
514
00:35:17,006 --> 00:35:18,999
All of this had the desired effect.
515
00:35:19,625 --> 00:35:22,315
In Guatemala, the Jacob Arbenz regime
516
00:35:22,415 --> 00:35:26,265
became increasingly communistic
after his inauguration in 1951.
517
00:35:27,002 --> 00:35:29,707
Communists in the congress and
high governmental positions
518
00:35:29,907 --> 00:35:34,617
controlled major committees, labor and
farm groups, and propaganda facilities.
519
00:35:35,017 --> 00:35:37,082
They agitated and led in demonstrations
Sie agitierten und führten Demonstrationen
520
00:35:37,182 --> 00:35:39,762
against neighboring countries
and the United States.
gegen Nachbarländer und die Vereinigten Staaten an
521
00:35:41,604 --> 00:35:44,611
What was profoundly new in terms
of what Bernays did
Was Bernays Vorgehensweise angeht, bestand das grundlegend Neue darin,
522
00:35:44,811 --> 00:35:47,858
is he took this menace to our backyard
in Guatemala.
diese Bedrohung in unseren Hinterhof in Guatemala zu verlegen.
523
00:35:47,958 --> 00:35:50,554
For the first time we saw reds
Zum ersten Mal sahen wir Rote
524
00:35:51,054 --> 00:35:54,027
a couple hundred miles from New Orleans,
nur ein paar hundert Meilen vor New Orleans,
525
00:35:54,297 --> 00:35:58,212
who Eddie Bernays had us believing
were a true threat to us.
und Bernays ließ uns glauben, sie seien eine echte Gefahr für uns.
526
00:35:58,312 --> 00:36:00,771
There was going to be a Soviet outpost
in our backyard.
Es werde einen sowjetischen Außenposten in unserem Hinterhof geben.
527
00:36:02,111 --> 00:36:05,898
But what Bernays was doing was not
just trying to blacken the Arbenz regime,
Aber Bernays tat mehr, als die Regierung Arbenz nur zu verunglimpfen.
528
00:36:06,298 --> 00:36:07,899
he was part of a secret plot.
Er war an einem geheimen Plan beteiligt.
529
00:36:08,699 --> 00:36:13,103
President Eisenhower had agreed that America
should topple the Arbenz government,
Präsident Eisenhower hatte zugestimmt, dass Amerika die Regierung Arbenz stürzen müsse,
530
00:36:13,303 --> 00:36:14,520
but secretly.
aber geheim.
531
00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:17,699
The CIA were instructed to organize a coup.
Der CIA wurde beauftragt, einen Staatsstreich zu organisieren.
532
00:36:19,173 --> 00:36:21,386
Working with the United Fruit Company
Zusammen mit der United Fruit Company
533
00:36:21,686 --> 00:36:23,795
the CIA trained and armed a rebel army
bildete die CIA eine Rebellenarmee aus und bewaffnete sie.
534
00:36:24,195 --> 00:36:26,921
and found a new leader for the country
called Colonel Armas.
Zum künftigen Führer des Landes bestimmte sie einen Mann namens Colonel Armas.
535
00:36:28,125 --> 00:36:32,526
The CIA agent in charge was Howard Hunt,
later one of the Watergate burglars.
Der verantwortliche CIA-Agent war Howard Hunt, später einer der Watergate-Einbrecher.
536
00:36:33,026 --> 00:36:35,776
What we wanted to do
is have a terror campaign;
Was wir haben wollten, war eine Terrorkampagne
537
00:36:37,461 --> 00:36:39,715
to terrify Arbenz particularly,
um vor allem Arbenz,
538
00:36:40,015 --> 00:36:42,158
terrify his troops, aber auch seine Truppen in Schrecken zu versetzen,
539
00:36:42,458 --> 00:36:48,291
much as the German Stuka bombers
terrified the population of Holland,
so wie die deutschen Stuka-Bomber im 2. Weltkrieg die Bevölkerungen Hollands,
540
00:36:48,391 --> 00:36:51,571
Belgium and Poland at the onset
of World War II
Polens und Belgiens in Schrecken versetzten
541
00:36:52,334 --> 00:36:54,415
and just rendered everybody paralyzed.
und vor Angst lähmten.
542
00:36:56,384 --> 00:37:00,200
As planes flown by CIA pilots
dropped bombs on Guatemala City,
Während Flugzeuge mit CIA-Besatzungen Guatemala-Stadt bombardierten,
543
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:04,462
Edward Bernays carried on his propaganda
campaign in the American press.
führte Edward Bernays seine Propaganda-Kampagne in der amerikanischen Presse fort.
544
00:37:05,062 --> 00:37:07,222
He was preparing the American population
Die amerikanische Bevölkerung sollte glauben,
545
00:37:07,522 --> 00:37:11,479
to see this as the liberation of Guatemala
by freedom fighters for democracy.
dies sei die Befreiung Guatemalas durch demokratische Freiheitskämpfer.
546
00:37:15,208 --> 00:37:19,805
He totally understood that the coup would
happen when the public and the press
Ihm war absolut klar, dass der Staatsstreich geschehen würde, wenn Presse und Öffentlichkeit
547
00:37:20,728 --> 00:37:22,255
when conditions on the public and the press
wenn die Bedingungen in Presse und Öffentlichkeit
548
00:37:22,355 --> 00:37:24,532
allowed for a coup to happen and
he created those conditions.
für einen Staatsstreich günstig wären, und er schuf diese Bedingungen
549
00:37:24,632 --> 00:37:28,925
He was totally savvy in terms of just
what he was helping create there
550
00:37:29,025 --> 00:37:30,145
in terms of the overthrow.
551
00:37:30,345 --> 00:37:32,272
But ultimately he was reshaping reality,
552
00:37:32,472 --> 00:37:37,266
and reshaping public opinion in a way
that's undemocratic and manipulative.
553
00:37:39,355 --> 00:37:43,279
On June 27th 1954 Colonel Arbenz
fled the country
554
00:37:43,679 --> 00:37:45,685
and Armas arrived as the new leader.
555
00:37:46,848 --> 00:37:49,871
Within months Vice President Nixon
visited Guatemala.
556
00:37:50,982 --> 00:37:53,984
In an event staged by United Fruit's
PR department
557
00:37:54,384 --> 00:37:56,348
he was shown piles of Marxist literature
558
00:37:56,648 --> 00:37:59,750
that had been found it was said
in the presidential palace.
559
00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:06,065
This is the first time in the history
of the world
560
00:38:06,265 --> 00:38:09,924
that the communist government
has been overthrown by the people.
561
00:38:10,124 --> 00:38:13,482
And for that we congratulate you
and the people of Guatemala
562
00:38:13,682 --> 00:38:15,026
for the support they have given.
563
00:38:15,226 --> 00:38:19,516
And we are sure that under your leadership
supported by the people
564
00:38:19,616 --> 00:38:22,899
whom I have met by the hundreds
on my visit to Guatemala
565
00:38:23,099 --> 00:38:26,850
that Guatemala is going to enter a new era
566
00:38:27,050 --> 00:38:30,448
in which there will be prosperity
for the people
567
00:38:30,748 --> 00:38:33,149
together with liberty for the people.
568
00:38:33,649 --> 00:38:35,128
Thank you very much for
569
00:38:35,844 --> 00:38:40,113
allowing us to see this exhibit
of communism in Guatemala.
570
00:38:40,314 --> 00:38:41,677
You're welcome.
571
00:38:41,777 --> 00:38:44,535
Time for dinner and see
what mother has for dessert.
572
00:38:44,735 --> 00:38:46,201
Banana gingerbread shortcake.
573
00:38:46,501 --> 00:38:51,217
Just another of the many tempting ways in
which this nutritious food can be prepared.
574
00:38:51,910 --> 00:38:55,865
To now that you've seen where bananas
come from before they reach your table,
575
00:38:56,165 --> 00:38:58,593
our journey to banana land is ended.
576
00:38:58,795 --> 00:39:00,633
We hope you enjoyed the trip.
577
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:02,485
We know you like bananas.
578
00:39:04,323 --> 00:39:07,033
Bernays had manipulated the American people
579
00:39:07,433 --> 00:39:10,499
but he had done so because he,
like many others at the time
580
00:39:10,799 --> 00:39:15,019
believed that the interests of business and
the interests of America were indivisible.
581
00:39:15,619 --> 00:39:17,841
Especially when faced
with the threat of communism.
582
00:39:19,194 --> 00:39:20,600
But Bernays was convinced
583
00:39:20,700 --> 00:39:23,823
that to explain this rationally
to the American people was impossible.
584
00:39:24,569 --> 00:39:25,804
Because they were not rational.
585
00:39:26,681 --> 00:39:29,063
Instead one had to touch
on their inner fears
586
00:39:29,463 --> 00:39:32,176
and manipulate them in the interest
of a higher truth.
587
00:39:33,285 --> 00:39:35,465
He called it the engineering of consent.
588
00:39:37,288 --> 00:39:41,415
He was doing it
for the American way of life
589
00:39:41,815 --> 00:39:46,625
to which he was devoted, sincerely devoted.
590
00:39:47,025 --> 00:39:50,790
And yet he felt the people were really
pretty stupid.
591
00:39:51,190 --> 00:39:52,821
And that's the paradox.
592
00:39:53,221 --> 00:39:57,591
If you don't leave it up
to the people themselves
593
00:39:57,991 --> 00:40:02,101
but force them to choose
what you want them to choose,
594
00:40:02,401 --> 00:40:06,626
however subtly,
then it's not democracy anymore.
595
00:40:10,237 --> 00:40:12,667
It's something else,
it's being told what to do,
596
00:40:14,743 --> 00:40:17,123
it's that old authoritarian thing.
597
00:40:20,053 --> 00:40:21,877
But the idea that it was necessary
598
00:40:22,077 --> 00:40:24,727
to manipulate the inner feelings
of the American population
599
00:40:25,127 --> 00:40:27,167
in the interest of fighting the cold war
600
00:40:27,367 --> 00:40:29,145
now began to take root in Washington.
601
00:40:29,845 --> 00:40:33,539
Above all in the CIA,
who were going to take it much further.
602
00:40:35,672 --> 00:40:39,380
They were concerned that the Soviets were
experimenting with psychological methods
603
00:40:39,580 --> 00:40:42,475
to actually alter the memories and
feelings of people.
604
00:40:43,175 --> 00:40:45,933
The aim being
to produce more controllable citizens.
605
00:40:46,578 --> 00:40:47,952
It was known as brainwashing.
606
00:40:51,868 --> 00:40:55,727
Psychologists in the CIA were convinced
that this really might be possible
607
00:40:56,463 --> 00:40:58,693
and that they should try do it themselves.
608
00:41:01,718 --> 00:41:05,752
The image of the human being that was
being built up at that particular time
609
00:41:06,398 --> 00:41:08,838
was that there was a great deal
610
00:41:09,038 --> 00:41:11,402
of vulnerability in every human being
611
00:41:12,403 --> 00:41:15,919
and that vulnerability could be manipulated
612
00:41:16,119 --> 00:41:21,377
to program somebody to be something
that I wanted them to be
613
00:41:22,312 --> 00:41:23,757
and they didn't want to be.
614
00:41:26,602 --> 00:41:30,092
That you could manipulate people
in such a way
615
00:41:30,292 --> 00:41:35,308
that they could be automatons, if you will,
for whatever your purposes were.
616
00:41:36,545 --> 00:41:38,913
This is the image
that people thought was possible.
617
00:41:40,381 --> 00:41:44,708
In the late fifties the CIA poured millions
of dollars into the psychology departments
618
00:41:45,008 --> 00:41:46,867
at universities across America.
619
00:41:47,892 --> 00:41:49,707
They were secretly funding experiments
620
00:41:49,907 --> 00:41:53,467
on how to alter and control
the inner drives of human beings.
621
00:41:54,835 --> 00:41:56,476
The most notorious of these experiments
622
00:41:56,576 --> 00:41:59,630
was run by the head of the
American Psychiatric Association,
623
00:42:00,030 --> 00:42:04,579
Dr. Ewen Cameron.
Like many psychiatrists at that time,
624
00:42:04,979 --> 00:42:08,506
Cameron was convinced that inside
human beings were dangerous forces
625
00:42:08,806 --> 00:42:10,079
which threatened society.
626
00:42:10,679 --> 00:42:14,324
But he believed that it was possible to
not just control these forces
627
00:42:14,624 --> 00:42:16,179
but actually remove them.
628
00:42:17,043 --> 00:42:21,123
He thought that psychiatry should
not just concentrate on sick people
629
00:42:21,223 --> 00:42:24,831
and the mentally ill,
but should actually go into government,
630
00:42:25,031 --> 00:42:29,679
that politicians should listen to
psychiatrists; psychiatrists should be
631
00:42:29,779 --> 00:42:35,061
in every parliament and should direct
and monitor political activities
632
00:42:35,261 --> 00:42:37,134
because they knew
633
00:42:37,534 --> 00:42:42,810
in a rational scientific way
what was good for people.
634
00:42:43,587 --> 00:42:47,872
Cameron had set up a clinic in a hospital
in Montreal called the Allen Memorial.
635
00:42:48,464 --> 00:42:50,136
It is now long since closed down.
636
00:42:51,520 --> 00:42:55,064
Cameron took patients who suffered
a wide range of mental problems.
637
00:42:55,864 --> 00:42:59,660
His theory was that these resulted from
forgotten or repressed memories.
638
00:43:00,364 --> 00:43:04,263
But he was impatient with the theory of
using psychotherapy to uncover them.
639
00:43:04,563 --> 00:43:06,723
Instead, he would simply wipe them.
640
00:43:07,523 --> 00:43:09,772
Cameron used drugs including LSD
641
00:43:10,072 --> 00:43:13,738
and the technique of ECT,
electro-convulsive therapy.
642
00:43:14,567 --> 00:43:17,530
It was conventionally used at that time
to relieve depression.
643
00:43:18,030 --> 00:43:22,232
But Cameron was going to use it
in a new way, to produce new people.
644
00:43:24,345 --> 00:43:27,521
He was really using it to try and
645
00:43:29,122 --> 00:43:32,836
change the fundamental function
of the individual.
646
00:43:33,503 --> 00:43:39,284
To alter their past memories,
647
00:43:39,384 --> 00:43:41,423
their past ways of behaving,
648
00:43:42,882 --> 00:43:46,007
and as I think he said at one point,
649
00:43:46,820 --> 00:43:50,423
to just sort of erase everything
from their pasts
650
00:43:50,523 --> 00:43:52,973
so that you then had a slate
651
00:43:53,173 --> 00:43:56,619
in which you could record new ways
of behavior.
652
00:43:58,933 --> 00:44:02,768
And so he used massive doses of shock,
653
00:44:02,868 --> 00:44:06,183
people receiving several shocks a day
654
00:44:08,380 --> 00:44:13,086
and over a course over time
hundreds of ECT treatments
655
00:44:13,286 --> 00:44:18,959
so that they were just reduced to sort of
a primitive vegetable state.
656
00:44:21,606 --> 00:44:23,461
I don't remember what happened to me.
657
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:28,025
I was introduced to Dr. Cameron and
I don't remember Dr. Cameron at all.
658
00:44:28,928 --> 00:44:30,535
I don't remember any of that.
659
00:44:30,735 --> 00:44:33,566
They shipped me up to what they call
'the sleep room'
660
00:44:34,426 --> 00:44:38,738
and they gave me all of these
electro-convulsive shock treatments
661
00:44:38,838 --> 00:44:44,738
and mega doses of drugs and LSD and all of
that and I have no memory of any of that.
662
00:44:45,409 --> 00:44:49,343
Nothing of that time at the Allen Memorial
663
00:44:49,443 --> 00:44:54,049
or any of my life previous to that.
All gone. Wiped.
664
00:44:55,301 --> 00:44:59,147
And then having depatterned somebody
or brought them down
665
00:44:59,347 --> 00:45:02,258
to where basically nothing
666
00:45:02,458 --> 00:45:05,598
but the essential functions of the body
667
00:45:06,136 --> 00:45:08,996
were going on in terms of breathing
and things of this nature,
668
00:45:09,296 --> 00:45:12,922
then he would begin to feed material
into these individuals;
669
00:45:13,022 --> 00:45:14,646
positive material
670
00:45:14,846 --> 00:45:19,534
such that the brain
would be programmed in a positive way,
671
00:45:19,646 --> 00:45:22,147
so that the individual would be
completely altered.
672
00:45:22,247 --> 00:45:26,327
Then he put these tapes under our pillows
called psychic driving.
673
00:45:27,097 --> 00:45:31,844
He would then put back
into this empty brain a program
674
00:45:32,908 --> 00:45:35,430
of whatever sort he decided upon.
675
00:45:36,472 --> 00:45:38,860
And the people like myself
676
00:45:38,917 --> 00:45:42,536
would wake up another person, I guess.
677
00:45:44,259 --> 00:45:47,661
In fact Cameron's experiments
were a complete disaster.
678
00:45:48,842 --> 00:45:52,329
All he managed to produce were dozens
of individuals with memory loss
679
00:45:52,729 --> 00:45:57,454
and the ability to repeat the phrase
'I am at ease with myself'.
680
00:45:59,260 --> 00:46:03,833
And it was not an isolated case,
almost all the experiments the CIA funded
681
00:46:04,033 --> 00:46:05,387
were equally unsuccessful.
682
00:46:06,422 --> 00:46:10,333
Despite their ambitions American
psychologists were beginning to find out
683
00:46:10,533 --> 00:46:11,862
how difficult it was
684
00:46:11,962 --> 00:46:15,948
to understand and control the inner workings
of the human mind.
685
00:46:18,240 --> 00:46:22,282
We had really been chasing a phantom,
686
00:46:22,482 --> 00:46:23,914
if you will, an illusion,
687
00:46:24,215 --> 00:46:29,631
that the human mind was more capable
of manipulation from the outside,
688
00:46:32,300 --> 00:46:34,868
by outside factors than it is.
689
00:46:36,106 --> 00:46:40,936
We found out that the human being
is an extremely complex thing.
690
00:46:42,595 --> 00:46:44,590
There were no simple solutions.
691
00:46:48,073 --> 00:46:52,855
But you've just got to bear in mind
that these were strange times.
692
00:46:55,139 --> 00:46:58,425
The psychoanalysts had come to power
in America because of their theory
693
00:46:58,625 --> 00:47:02,583
that they knew how to control the
dangerous forces inside human beings.
694
00:47:04,377 --> 00:47:07,771
But now the psychoanalysts were
about to face a high profile failure
695
00:47:08,399 --> 00:47:12,335
that would lead people to begin questioning
the very basis of their ideas.
696
00:47:14,420 --> 00:47:15,983
It began in Hollywood.
697
00:47:17,924 --> 00:47:20,801
The film industry had become fascinated
with psychoanalysis,
698
00:47:21,301 --> 00:47:25,490
and Anna Freud was a powerful influence
on dozens of analysts in Los Angeles.
699
00:47:26,706 --> 00:47:30,132
They treated film stars, directors,
and studio bosses.
700
00:47:31,032 --> 00:47:35,788
Anna Freud's closest friend was the most
sought after of all, Ralph Greenson.
701
00:47:39,714 --> 00:47:43,976
And in 1960 the most famous star in
the world turned to Greenson for help.
702
00:47:45,247 --> 00:47:47,502
Marilyn Monroe was suffering from despair
703
00:47:47,802 --> 00:47:50,272
and had become addicted to
alcohol and drugs.
704
00:47:52,060 --> 00:47:53,901
When I walked in to dinner
705
00:47:54,101 --> 00:47:55,185
here was Marilyn Monroe.
706
00:47:55,485 --> 00:47:57,645
And I made a picture with her called
All About Eve.
707
00:47:57,745 --> 00:47:59,027
This was dinner at Ralph Greenson's?
708
00:47:59,127 --> 00:48:01,085
Yes. And...
709
00:48:01,685 --> 00:48:02,899
the only thing was...
710
00:48:04,486 --> 00:48:06,285
Ralph was trying to show her...
711
00:48:15,464 --> 00:48:18,012
the way a family life ought really to be.
712
00:48:19,412 --> 00:48:22,601
So we were walking the dog after and I said,
what the hell are you doing here?
713
00:48:23,004 --> 00:48:24,548
I said, You never had me to dinner!
714
00:48:25,687 --> 00:48:27,640
And he said, You weren't that sick.
715
00:48:29,888 --> 00:48:31,464
And I said, oh.
716
00:48:32,265 --> 00:48:38,091
He said this child
has no, NO frame of reference.
717
00:48:39,140 --> 00:48:42,049
In other words she has no idea
what the goal is.
718
00:48:42,789 --> 00:48:45,430
What Greenson did was follow
Anna Freud's theory.
719
00:48:46,439 --> 00:48:48,181
If Marilyn Monroe could be thought
720
00:48:48,281 --> 00:48:51,645
to conform to what society considered
a normal pattern of life.
721
00:48:52,223 --> 00:48:55,721
That would help her ego control
her inner destructive urges.
722
00:48:57,165 --> 00:48:59,087
But Greenson pushed it to an extreme.
723
00:48:59,487 --> 00:49:02,097
He persuaded Monroe
to move into a house nearby
724
00:49:02,497 --> 00:49:03,842
that was decorated like his own.
725
00:49:04,542 --> 00:49:09,428
He then took her into his own family life,
and he, his wife and his daughter
726
00:49:09,728 --> 00:49:11,909
played at being Monroe's own family.
727
00:49:12,909 --> 00:49:16,050
Greenson himself would become the model
of conformity.
728
00:49:16,797 --> 00:49:17,598
And so this...
729
00:49:18,362 --> 00:49:20,308
someone she regarded as important
730
00:49:23,074 --> 00:49:24,675
and she idealized,
731
00:49:25,328 --> 00:49:29,615
if he turned out to be
a very gratifying father figure
732
00:49:30,741 --> 00:49:33,104
her ego would benefit from that,
that was the theory.
733
00:49:35,585 --> 00:49:38,116
His wife and children,
everyone was involved in it.
734
00:49:38,534 --> 00:49:41,812
They were strengthening the person,
they were strengthening the mind,
735
00:49:42,212 --> 00:49:45,118
they were strengthening the agent
that controls inner life;
736
00:49:45,318 --> 00:49:48,812
against adversity, against insufficiency,
737
00:49:49,013 --> 00:49:52,450
against too much frustration,
738
00:49:53,647 --> 00:49:57,752
so that Marilyn would no longer be
a helpless person looking for love,
739
00:49:58,152 --> 00:49:59,193
she'd have enough love.
740
00:50:00,718 --> 00:50:02,121
But despite all his efforts,
741
00:50:02,230 --> 00:50:04,390
Greenson was unable to help Marilyn Monroe.
742
00:50:05,578 --> 00:50:09,701
On August 5th 1962
she committed suicide in her house.
743
00:50:13,074 --> 00:50:17,050
The suicide shocked many in the analytic
community, including Anna Freud.
744
00:50:18,571 --> 00:50:20,472
And high profile figures in American life
745
00:50:20,672 --> 00:50:23,377
who had previously been enthusiasts
for psychoanalysis
746
00:50:23,777 --> 00:50:27,974
now began to question why psychoanalysis
had become so powerful in America.
747
00:50:29,474 --> 00:50:31,747
Was it really
because it benefitted individuals
748
00:50:32,749 --> 00:50:37,336
or had it in fact become a form of
constraint in the interests of social order.
749
00:50:38,236 --> 00:50:41,601
The critics included Monroe's ex-husband,
Arthur Miller.
750
00:50:42,409 --> 00:50:45,193
My argument with so much if psychoanalysis
751
00:50:45,393 --> 00:50:48,044
is the preconception
that suffering is a mistake,
752
00:50:49,113 --> 00:50:50,271
or a sign of weakness,
753
00:50:50,471 --> 00:50:51,907
or a sign even of illness.
754
00:50:52,007 --> 00:50:52,947
When in fact,
755
00:50:54,361 --> 00:50:58,034
possibly the greatest truths we know
will have come out of people's suffering.
756
00:50:58,434 --> 00:51:01,563
That the problem is not to undo suffering
757
00:51:01,663 --> 00:51:05,072
or to wipe it off the face of the earth
but to make it inform our lives,
758
00:51:05,272 --> 00:51:09,461
instead of trying to cure ourselves
of it constantly and avoid it.
759
00:51:10,118 --> 00:51:14,839
And avoid anything but that lobotomized
sense of what they call happiness.
760
00:51:15,772 --> 00:51:20,284
There's too much of an attempt it seems
to me at controlling man
761
00:51:20,484 --> 00:51:21,460
rather than freeing him;
762
00:51:22,326 --> 00:51:26,755
of defining him rather than letting him go.
763
00:51:27,465 --> 00:51:31,841
And it's part of the whole ideology
of this age which is power mad.
764
00:51:35,016 --> 00:51:38,228
Hey, have you heard about
the crazy new way
765
00:51:39,214 --> 00:51:41,717
to send a message today
766
00:51:42,063 --> 00:51:45,001
It's flashed on a screen, too quick to see
767
00:51:45,325 --> 00:51:48,588
But still you get it, subliminally
768
00:51:49,236 --> 00:51:51,298
At the same time an onslaught was launched
769
00:51:51,498 --> 00:51:54,792
on the way psychoanalysis was being used
by business to control people.
770
00:51:56,450 --> 00:51:58,133
The first blow came with a bestseller,
771
00:51:58,333 --> 00:52:00,586
The Hidden Persuaders,
written by Vance Packard.
772
00:52:01,586 --> 00:52:05,956
It accused psychoanalysts of reducing the
American people to emotional puppets
773
00:52:06,356 --> 00:52:09,547
whose only function was
to keep mass production lines running.
774
00:52:10,954 --> 00:52:14,512
They did this by manipulating people's
unconscious desires,
775
00:52:14,712 --> 00:52:17,500
to create longings
for ever new brands and models.
776
00:52:18,475 --> 00:52:20,063
They had turned the population
777
00:52:20,263 --> 00:52:23,895
into unwitting participants in the system
of planned obsolescence.
778
00:52:26,173 --> 00:52:29,680
The second blow came from an influential
philosopher and social critic,
779
00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:33,294
Herbert Marcuse.
He had been trained in psychoanalysis.
780
00:52:36,360 --> 00:52:40,462
This is a childish
application of psychoanalysis
781
00:52:40,762 --> 00:52:45,680
which does not take
at all into consideration the very real
782
00:52:46,610 --> 00:52:49,653
political systematic waste of resources
783
00:52:49,953 --> 00:52:53,140
of technology and of the productive process.
784
00:52:53,695 --> 00:52:55,915
For example this planned obsolescence;
785
00:52:56,335 --> 00:53:00,742
for example the production of innumerable
brands and gadgets
786
00:53:01,042 --> 00:53:04,488
who are in the last analysis
always the same;
787
00:53:04,988 --> 00:53:09,187
the production of innumerable different
788
00:53:09,931 --> 00:53:11,656
models of automobiles;
789
00:53:11,930 --> 00:53:15,033
and this prosperity at the same time,
790
00:53:15,333 --> 00:53:17,482
consciously or unconsciously
791
00:53:17,882 --> 00:53:21,588
leads to a kind of schizophrenic existence.
792
00:53:23,568 --> 00:53:28,436
I believe that in this society an
incredible quantity of aggressiveness
793
00:53:28,536 --> 00:53:30,895
and destructiveness is accumulated
794
00:53:31,095 --> 00:53:36,495
precisely because of the empty prosperity
which then...
795
00:53:39,317 --> 00:53:40,634
simply erupts.
796
00:53:48,627 --> 00:53:49,656
Marcuse's argument
797
00:53:49,856 --> 00:53:53,157
is not simply that psychoanalysis
had been used for corrupt purposes,
798
00:53:53,840 --> 00:53:55,109
it was more fundamental.
799
00:53:56,455 --> 00:54:00,515
Marcuse said that the very idea that
you needed to control people was wrong.
800
00:54:01,735 --> 00:54:04,368
Human beings
did have inner emotional drives,
801
00:54:04,646 --> 00:54:07,009
but they were
not inherently violent or evil.
802
00:54:07,813 --> 00:54:12,295
It was society that made these drives
dangerous by repressing and distorting them.
803
00:54:13,684 --> 00:54:16,528
Anna Freud and her followers
had increased that repression
804
00:54:16,828 --> 00:54:19,282
by trying to make people conform to society.
805
00:54:20,082 --> 00:54:23,887
In so doing, they made people
more dangerous, not less.
806
00:54:25,274 --> 00:54:27,706
Marcuse challenged that social world
807
00:54:27,906 --> 00:54:30,256
and he said that's a world that
should not be adapted to.
808
00:54:30,835 --> 00:54:34,523
And in fact what the individual was
adapting to
809
00:54:34,923 --> 00:54:39,276
was corrupt and evil and corrupting.
810
00:54:39,876 --> 00:54:43,008
In other words he switched
the source of evil
811
00:54:44,050 --> 00:54:48,279
from inward conflict to the society itself.
812
00:54:49,128 --> 00:54:51,852
That the sickness in society lies
at the society level,
813
00:54:52,052 --> 00:54:54,601
not at the sickness of human beings in it.
814
00:54:54,901 --> 00:54:56,674
And if people did not challenge that,
815
00:54:56,974 --> 00:55:02,047
then they were in fact submitting to evil.
816
00:55:03,635 --> 00:55:05,478
Modern psychology has a word
817
00:55:05,578 --> 00:55:09,129
that is probably used more than any other
word in psychology,
818
00:55:09,865 --> 00:55:12,044
it is the word maladjusted.
819
00:55:13,467 --> 00:55:19,273
It is the ringing cry
of modern child psychology, maladjusted.
820
00:55:19,473 --> 00:55:22,425
Now of course we all want to live
the well adjusted life
821
00:55:22,525 --> 00:55:26,482
in order to avoid neurotic and schizophrenic
personalities.
822
00:55:27,515 --> 00:55:32,262
But as I move toward my conclusion
I would like to say to you today,
823
00:55:33,092 --> 00:55:34,734
in a very honest manner,
824
00:55:35,241 --> 00:55:39,785
that there are some things in our society
and some things in our world
825
00:55:40,707 --> 00:55:43,449
to which I am proud to be maladjusted
826
00:55:44,278 --> 00:55:48,006
and I call upon all men of good will
to be maladjusted
827
00:55:48,106 --> 00:55:51,377
to these things until the good society
is realized.
828
00:55:52,122 --> 00:55:55,824
I must honestly say to you that I never
intend to adjust myself
829
00:55:56,987 --> 00:56:00,220
to racial segregation and discrimination.
830
00:56:01,074 --> 00:56:06,144
I never intend to adjust myself to
religious bigotry.
831
00:56:07,117 --> 00:56:10,398
I never intend to adjust myself to
economic conditions
832
00:56:10,698 --> 00:56:15,470
that will take necessities from the many
to give luxuries to the few,
833
00:56:15,482 --> 00:56:20,609
leave millions of God's children
smothering in an airtight cage of poverty
834
00:56:20,909 --> 00:56:23,138
in the midst of an affluent society.
835
00:56:26,475 --> 00:56:29,895
The political influence of the Freudian
psychoanalysts was over.
836
00:56:30,938 --> 00:56:32,547
Instead they were now accused
837
00:56:32,847 --> 00:56:36,411
of having helped to create
a repressive form of social control.
838
00:56:39,710 --> 00:56:41,556
Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham
839
00:56:41,956 --> 00:56:44,520
lived on in Sigmund Freud's old house
in London.
840
00:56:45,471 --> 00:56:49,058
In 1970 Dorothy's son Bob
died of alcoholism,
841
00:56:50,163 --> 00:56:56,054
and in 1973 his sister Mabbie returned
for yet more analysis with Anna Freud.
842
00:56:57,196 --> 00:56:58,792
She went back for more analysis;
843
00:56:58,892 --> 00:57:02,941
she was living at 20 Maresfield
Gardens in the Freud house,
844
00:57:03,632 --> 00:57:05,810
as I guess she did when she wasn't
with her husband,
845
00:57:06,010 --> 00:57:09,435
and she committed suicide.
846
00:57:09,735 --> 00:57:11,277
She took an overdose of sleeping pills.
847
00:57:13,375 --> 00:57:14,539
In Freud's own house?
848
00:57:14,639 --> 00:57:16,034
In Freud's own house, right.
849
00:57:21,551 --> 00:57:25,587
So obviously there are a lot of implications
850
00:57:25,687 --> 00:57:27,410
that one can draw from that and I just think
851
00:57:27,510 --> 00:57:30,060
she happened to
reach the end of the rope there.
852
00:57:30,957 --> 00:57:35,835
Although it would seem to be
a very pointed act.
853
00:57:36,035 --> 00:57:38,929
Obviously suicide is a very politicized act
854
00:57:39,029 --> 00:57:41,574
and to do it in Sigmund Freud's own house
855
00:57:42,768 --> 00:57:47,561
is certainly different from doing it in
Riverdale back in New York.
856
00:57:52,652 --> 00:57:54,440
Nest Week's episode will tell the story
857
00:57:54,540 --> 00:57:57,060
of the rise to power of the enemies
of the Freud family.
858
00:57:58,320 --> 00:58:01,846
They believed the way to build a better
society was to let the self free.
859
00:58:03,753 --> 00:58:06,794
But what they didn't realize was that
this idea of liberation
860
00:58:07,194 --> 00:58:11,395
would provide business and politics
yet another way to control the self,
861
00:58:12,095 --> 00:58:14,444
by feeding its infinite desires.
862
00:58:14,545 --> 00:58:14,645
Thanks to
http://hareloco.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!E7089CD7CF32AA20!243.entry
for the scripts of all four episodes.
863
00:58:15,645 --> 00:58:25,645
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